The Equation of Motion in r is a second order differential equation in r. This equation represents a mathematical relationship between the quantities inside the function M, and it states that the value of the function M is zero. The notation of…
read moreA dynamical system is a mathematical concept used to describe how a set of variables changes over time. In particular, it is a system where the state of the system at any given time determines its future behavior. In a dynamical system,…
read moreAt any given time, a dynamical system has a state representing a point in an appropriate state space. This state is often given by a tuple of real numbers or by a vector in a geometrical manifold. The evolution rule of the…
read moreA state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical “state” of a dynamical system. Intuitively, the state of a system describes enough about the system to determine its future behavior in the absence of…
read moreIn physics, the state of a system refers to a complete description of all the physical properties that are relevant to the behavior of that system. The state of a system can include a wide range of parameters, such as the position…
read moreThe Hubble Flow is the motion of astronomical objects due solely to the expansion of the universe. Right now the expansion is increasing space in the universe. In the future, it will either collapse back in on itself, expand forever, or stop…
read moreIf a is the scale factor – the current distance between any two points in space- then the rate of change of that scale factor in relation to the size of the universe is given as : Where is derived from a…
read moreEinstein Summation Notation is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula. It is simply meant as a shortcut in the writing of formulas. It is primarily used in the application of linear algebra to…
read moreAdiabatic means heat does not enter or leave the system concerned.
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